Figure 1.1 The four pillars of biotechnology

Figure 2.1 Knowledge and skills enabling biotechnology

Figure 3.1 The central dogma of molecular biology

Figure 3.2 General scheme of gene expression

Figure 3.3 DNA: Chromosomes and genes

Figure 3.4 Protein translation

Table 3.1 Protein and enzyme functions

Figure 4.1 Small-molecule and biologic drugs

Figure 4.2 The process of drug development

Figure 4.3 Basic and applied research

Figure 4.4 Pharmaceutical R&D expenditures

Table 4.1 Qualities of a "good" drug

Figure 6.1 Stem cell types

Table 7.1 Intellectual property rights

Table 8.1 Biotechnology regulating bodies

Table 8.2 Regulation of biotechnology products

Figure 8.1 Clinical trial phases

Figure 8.2 The impact of the Orphan Drug Act

Figure 8.3 The impact of generic entry on drug price

Table 8.3 Drug names

Table 8.4 Selected generic drug naming conventions

Figure 10.1 Elements for success

Table 10.1 Biotechnology application categories

Figure 10.2 Biotechnology company activities

Table 10.2 Service payments

Figure 11.1 Funding stages

Figure 11.2 Clinical trials provide valuation milestones

Table 11.1 Valuation methods

Figure 12.1 Pharmaceutical industry cost analysis

Figure 12.2 Producing and selling biotechnology products and services

Table 12.1 Horizontal and vertical products

Figure 12.3 Clinical trials and stock performance

Figure 12.4 Regulations affect sales: U.S. corn exports following partial EU ban

Figure 12.5 Porter's Five Forces

Figure 12.6 Simplified drug market model

Table 13.1 Representative biotechnology alliances

Table 13.2 Alliance payment types

Figure 13.1 Why drugs fail

Figure 14.1 Building a biotechnology company

Table 14.1 Biotechnology business models

Figure 14.2 Value creation in biotechnology